Basically, there are two types of exercise including endurance (aerobic) training and resistance (anaerobic) training (Fig. 1 As a kind of physical education activity and social cultural activity, regular exercise is accepted by more and more people. Therefore, promotion of physical activity is one of the important methods to improve the quality of human lifespan.Įxercise is theoretically defined as a kind of planned, structured, and repetitive physical activity. 8 Substantial evidence has shown that physical inactivity mostly has a negative impact on non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease, 9 diabetes mellitus, 10, 11 cancer, 12, 13 and even mental health, 14, 15, 16 dramatically aggravating the global health burden and shortening the life expectancy of people. 7 However, about one-third of adults worldwide do not meet the minimal intensity or time of physical activity recommended by WHO. 6 According to 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, it is stated that 150–300 min of moderate intensity, or 75–150 min of vigorous-intensity physical activity, or some equivalent combination of moderate intensity and vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity should be undertaken per week. 3, 4, 5 Importantly, it is reported that physical inactivity has become the fourth leading cause of death worldwide nowadays. 1, 2 Over the last few decades, physical activity has been convinced by clinical and experimental studies as an essential element of daily life and crucial to promote health and longevity. Physical activity mainly refers to any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles and results in energy expenditure, broadly encompassing exercise and sports, which have been done as part of daily living, occupation, leisure, and active transportation. We aim to describe an integrated perspective on the current advances of distinct physiological mechanisms associated with exercise-induced tissue regeneration on various organs and facilitate the development of drugs that mimics the benefits of exercise.
We also discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the regenerative effects of exercise and emerging therapeutic exercise mimetics for regeneration, as well as the associated opportunities and challenges. Here, we comprehensively provide a description of the benefits of exercise on tissue regeneration in diverse organs, mainly focusing on musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. As research progresses, exercise-induced tissue regeneration seems to provide a novel approach for fighting against injury or senescence, establishing strong theoretical basis for more and more “exercise mimetics.” These drugs are acting as the pharmaceutical alternatives of those individuals who cannot experience the benefits of exercise.
Since most adult human organs have a weak regenerative capacity, it is currently a key challenge in regenerative medicine to improve the efficiency of tissue regeneration. In particular, the capacity of exercise to promote tissue regeneration has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades.
Therefore, exercise has been expected as a candidate approach of alleviating a wide range of diseases, such as metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, tumors, and cardiovascular diseases.
#Strength and endurance rehab after liver failure series
Recent rapid advances in molecular biotechnology have demonstrated that both endurance and resistance exercise training, two traditional types of exercise, trigger a series of physiological responses, unraveling the mechanisms of exercise regulating on the human body. Thus, exercise intervention is encouraged to battle against sedentary lifestyle. Physical activity has been known as an essential element to promote human health for centuries.
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